Exposure of aboriginal people to methylmercury due to gold mining in the Amazon, Brazil

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便携式室内空气甲醛快速连续监测系统设计研究

传统测定室内空气中甲醛的方法,操作比较繁琐,分析周期比较长。电化学甲醛传感器模组是一个通用型、小型化模组,对空气中存在的甲醛进行探测,具有良好的稳定性。利用甲醛传感器模块,采用串口通信技术,基于Visual Basic 6.0开发设计了室内空气甲醛自动监测系统。系统包括高性能甲醛传感器、串口数据线、上位机软件和数据库,可实现对室内环境空气中甲醛的快速实时监测。系统具有曲线实时显示、数据采集与传输、自动保存、数据查询及超标自动报警等功能,查询结果可方便导出Excel表格。     

区域物种保育更新服务功能综合评估

物种保育更新及生物多样性维持是生态系统服务功能综合评估的热点和难点问题.鉴于当前物种保育更新服务功能综合评估技术方法体系及实际应用过程中区域可比较性的不足削弱了生物多样性的有效监管,以物种保育更新服务功能为研究对象,基于物种濒危程度、生态保护成效、核算结果可重复及陆海统一这4项评估原则,借鉴能值理论构建了综合考虑物种更新率、生境质量调整系数、不同濒危等级指数和单个物种能值转换率的评估方法,并以厦门市陆地和海洋的物种为研究案例,将2010作为基准年、2015年为评估年进行综合评估.结果表明:评估年相比基准年陆地物种保育更新服务的能值量由1.14×1020 sej增至1.21×1020 sej,海洋由1.56×1020 sej增至3.32×1020 sej,海洋变化程度较陆地显著.厦门市北部山区较南部沿海区域生境质量维持较好,2010—2015年期间整体变化趋好,局部受到轻微扰动.厦门陆地与海洋历史时期出现且纳入计算的动植物物种数为5 110种,其中陆地物种数为1 321种,海洋物种数为3 879种,而中国特有种和福建省重点保护物种为物种数占比最多的保护等级.研究显示,陆地物种受保护等级程度较高,面临受威胁和濒危的物种也较多,各类保护等级对物种保育作用显著;修正的综合评估方法体系能够弥补生态系统服务主流化研究的不足,可为生物多样性保护的规范性与科学性提供参考价值.      

e-JIKEI Network using e-JIKEI Cameras: Community security using considerable number of cheap stand-alone cameras

The e-JIKEI Network, a concept for realizing a safer and more comfortable community, and the e-JIKEI Camera, a stand-alone camera developed for the e-JIKEI Network, are reviewed. The concept of the e-JIKEI Network is that residents view their surroundings using cheap cameras, which act as their eyes, and home computers, which act as their brains, using the free software provided by us through the Internet. For the complete protection of the privacy of ordinary citizens, we propose a second concept supporting the concept of the e-JIKEI Network; in this concept, those who own and manage images (owners) and those who have the right to view these images (viewers) are separated by means of image encryption. Since 2004, the “Dairi-EYE” series, a free software for a personal computer (PC)-based system, has been distributed through our website. However, the use of PCs is not very user-friendly. Therefore, an all-in-one device called the “e-JIKEI Camera” has been developed. A social experiment of the e-JIKEI Network using e-JIKEI Cameras has been carried out.     

An Atmospheric Dispersion Model for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Thermal Power Plants in Japan—A Method for Evaluating Topographical Effects

Abstract

An atmospheric dispersion model was developed for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan, and a method for evaluating topographical effects using this model was proposed. The atmospheric dispersion model consists of an airflow model with a turbulence closure model based on the algebraic Reynolds stress model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The evaluation of the maximum concentration of air pollutants such as SO₂, NO_x, and suspended particulate matter is usually considered of primary importance for environmental impact assessment. Three indices were therefore estimated by the atmospheric dispersion model: the ratios (α and β, respectively) of the maximum concentration and the distance of the point of the maximum concentration from the source over topography to the respective values over a flat plane, and the relative concentration distribution [γ(x)] along the ground surface projection of the plume axis normalized by the maximum concentration over a flat plane. The atmospheric dispersion model was applied to the topography around a power plant with a maximum elevation of more than 1000 m. The values of α and β evaluated by the atmospheric dispersion model varied between 1 and 3 and between 1 and 0.4, respectively, depending on the topographical features. These results and the calculated distributions of γ(x) were highly similar to the results of the wind tunnel experiment. Therefore, when the slope of a hill or mountain is similar to the topography considered in this study, it is possible to evaluate topographical effects on exhaust gas dispersion with reasonable accuracy using the atmospheric dispersion model as well as wind tunnel experiments.     

Development of dioxin toxicity evaluation method in human milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--assay validation for human milk

In this study, the development of a toxicity evaluation method for dioxins in human milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was reported. A total of 17 human milk samples were tested by ELISA and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to assess whether the ELISA performed on samples obtained from primiparas could be considered as reliable enough for identifying a dioxins contamination in human milk. The concept of toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) screening was validated by comparing TEQ values for a set of human milk samples to the ELISA responses predicted for those samples. A fairly good correlation (r=0.920) between immunoassay and GC/MS was achieved for human milk. This ELISA should be useful for biological samples monitoring.     

污水二氧化氯和氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化及氨氮的影响

采用umu遗传毒性测试方法考察了二氧化氯和氯消毒对几种城市污水生物处理出水遗传毒性的影响,发现当二氧化氯消毒剂从0　mg/L增加到30　mg/L时,几种污水的遗传毒性均先迅速降低后趋于稳定,而当氯消毒剂从0　mg/L增加到30　mg/L时,几种污水的遗传毒性的变化规律不同.进一步研究氨氮对污水消毒过程中遗传毒性变化的影响,发现氨氮对污水二氧化氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化规律没有显著影响,但是对污水氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化规律却起着至关重要的作用.当氨氮含量较小（<10～20　mg/L）时,污水氯消毒后的遗传毒性小于消毒前;当氨氮含量较大时（>10～20　mg/L）,污水氯消毒后的遗传毒性大于消毒前.     

污水氯和二氧化氯消毒过程中溶解性有机物变化的三维荧光光谱解析

采用三维荧光光谱（3DEEM）技术对污水在氯和二氧化氯消毒过程中溶解性有机物（DOM）的变化进行了初步解析.结果表明,与饮用水、地表水等不同,生物处理出水含有较多的芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物,且其中的腐殖质主要为生物源,芳香性较弱.在氯和二氧化氯消毒后,污水DOM中的芳香族蛋白质和微生物代谢产物类物质的荧光峰发生蓝移,即峰值的激发或发射波长减少了几个nm,这可能由芳香环结构的破坏引起;而腐殖质类物质的荧光峰发生红移,即峰值的激发或发射波长增加了几个到二十几个nm,此现象与地表水相反,可能与腐殖质的来源不同有关.与遗传毒性的变化类似,氨氮对水样氯消毒后的荧光变化有明显影响,但对二氧化氯消毒后的荧光变化无明显影响.     

Oil adsorbent produced by the carbonization of rice husks

In this study, rice husks considered to be agricultural waste are converted into an adsorbent intended for use in the disposal of oil spills. The raw and refined (defiberized) husks of Japanese Akita Komachi rice were pyrolyzed in a vacuum (500 Pa) at 300-800 degrees C. The amount of A-heavy and B-heavy oils adsorbed on the carbonized rice husk were then evaluated. Oil adsorption is dependent on the type of oil. Rice husks refined and then pyrolyzed at 600-700 degrees C (1.0 g) adsorbed >6.0 g of B-heavy oil and <1.5 g of water, which indicates their usefulness as an adsorbent for oil spill cleanup in Japan. The refining process contributes to an improvement in the oil adsorption capacity, while the carbonization time (at 600 degrees C) has only a minor influence. The residual fluid components in the carbonized rice husks, rather than their porosity, are closely related to oil adsorption capacity.